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    Spring Framework 6.0.26
      • Overview
      • Core Technologies
        • The IoC Container
          • Introduction to the Spring IoC Container and Beans
          • Container Overview
          • Bean Overview
          • Dependencies
            • Dependency Injection
            • Dependencies and Configuration in Detail
            • Using depends-on
            • Lazy-initialized Beans
            • Autowiring Collaborators
            • Method Injection
          • Bean Scopes
          • Customizing the Nature of a Bean
          • Bean Definition Inheritance
          • Container Extension Points
          • Annotation-based Container Configuration
            • Using @Autowired
            • Fine-tuning Annotation-based Autowiring with @Primary
            • Fine-tuning Annotation-based Autowiring with Qualifiers
            • Using Generics as Autowiring Qualifiers
            • Using CustomAutowireConfigurer
            • Injection with @Resource
            • Using @Value
            • Using @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy
          • Classpath Scanning and Managed Components
          • Using JSR 330 Standard Annotations
          • Java-based Container Configuration
            • Basic Concepts: @Bean and @Configuration
            • Instantiating the Spring Container by Using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
            • Using the @Bean Annotation
            • Using the @Configuration annotation
            • Composing Java-based Configurations
          • Environment Abstraction
          • Registering a LoadTimeWeaver
          • Additional Capabilities of the ApplicationContext
          • The BeanFactory API
        • Resources
        • Validation, Data Binding, and Type Conversion
          • Validation by Using Spring’s Validator Interface
          • Bean Manipulation and the BeanWrapper
          • Resolving Codes to Error Messages
          • Spring Type Conversion
          • Spring Field Formatting
          • Configuring a Global Date and Time Format
          • Java Bean Validation
        • Spring Expression Language (SpEL)
          • Evaluation
          • Expressions in Bean Definitions
          • Language Reference
            • Literal Expressions
            • Properties, Arrays, Lists, Maps, and Indexers
            • Inline Lists
            • Inline Maps
            • Array Construction
            • Methods
            • Operators
            • Types
            • Constructors
            • Variables
            • Functions
            • Bean References
            • Ternary Operator (If-Then-Else)
            • The Elvis Operator
            • Safe Navigation Operator
            • Collection Selection
            • Collection Projection
            • Expression templating
          • Classes Used in the Examples
        • Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring
          • AOP Concepts
          • Spring AOP Capabilities and Goals
          • AOP Proxies
          • @AspectJ support
            • Enabling @AspectJ Support
            • Declaring an Aspect
            • Declaring a Pointcut
            • Declaring Advice
            • Introductions
            • Aspect Instantiation Models
            • An AOP Example
          • Schema-based AOP Support
          • Choosing which AOP Declaration Style to Use
          • Mixing Aspect Types
          • Proxying Mechanisms
          • Programmatic Creation of @AspectJ Proxies
          • Using AspectJ with Spring Applications
          • Further Resources
        • Spring AOP APIs
          • Pointcut API in Spring
          • Advice API in Spring
          • The Advisor API in Spring
          • Using the ProxyFactoryBean to Create AOP Proxies
          • Concise Proxy Definitions
          • Creating AOP Proxies Programmatically with the ProxyFactory
          • Manipulating Advised Objects
          • Using the "auto-proxy" facility
          • Using TargetSource Implementations
          • Defining New Advice Types
        • Null-safety
        • Data Buffers and Codecs
        • Logging
        • Ahead of Time Optimizations
        • Appendix
          • XML Schemas
          • XML Schema Authoring
          • Application Startup Steps
      • Testing
        • Introduction to Spring Testing
        • Unit Testing
        • Integration Testing
        • JDBC Testing Support
        • Spring TestContext Framework
          • Key Abstractions
          • Bootstrapping the TestContext Framework
          • TestExecutionListener Configuration
          • Application Events
          • Test Execution Events
          • Context Management
            • Context Configuration with XML resources
            • Context Configuration with Groovy Scripts
            • Context Configuration with Component Classes
            • Mixing XML, Groovy Scripts, and Component Classes
            • Context Configuration with Context Initializers
            • Context Configuration Inheritance
            • Context Configuration with Environment Profiles
            • Context Configuration with Test Property Sources
            • Context Configuration with Dynamic Property Sources
            • Loading a WebApplicationContext
            • Working with Web Mocks
            • Context Caching
            • Context Hierarchies
          • Dependency Injection of Test Fixtures
          • Testing Request- and Session-scoped Beans
          • Transaction Management
          • Executing SQL Scripts
          • Parallel Test Execution
          • TestContext Framework Support Classes
          • Ahead of Time Support for Tests
        • WebTestClient
        • MockMvc
          • Overview
          • Static Imports
          • Setup Choices
          • Setup Features
          • Performing Requests
          • Defining Expectations
          • Async Requests
          • Streaming Responses
          • Filter Registrations
          • MockMvc vs End-to-End Tests
          • Further Examples
          • HtmlUnit Integration
            • Why HtmlUnit Integration?
            • MockMvc and HtmlUnit
            • MockMvc and WebDriver
            • MockMvc and Geb
        • Testing Client Applications
        • Appendix
          • Annotations
            • Standard Annotation Support
            • Spring Testing Annotations
              • @BootstrapWith
              • @ContextConfiguration
              • @WebAppConfiguration
              • @ContextHierarchy
              • @ActiveProfiles
              • @TestPropertySource
              • @DynamicPropertySource
              • @DirtiesContext
              • @TestExecutionListeners
              • @RecordApplicationEvents
              • @Commit
              • @Rollback
              • @BeforeTransaction
              • @AfterTransaction
              • @Sql
              • @SqlConfig
              • @SqlMergeMode
              • @SqlGroup
            • Spring JUnit 4 Testing Annotations
            • Spring JUnit Jupiter Testing Annotations
            • Meta-Annotation Support for Testing
          • Further Resources
      • Data Access
        • Transaction Management
          • Advantages of the Spring Framework’s Transaction Support Model
          • Understanding the Spring Framework Transaction Abstraction
          • Synchronizing Resources with Transactions
          • Declarative Transaction Management
            • Understanding the Spring Framework’s Declarative Transaction Implementation
            • Example of Declarative Transaction Implementation
            • Rolling Back a Declarative Transaction
            • Configuring Different Transactional Semantics for Different Beans
            • <tx:advice/> Settings
            • Using @Transactional
            • Transaction Propagation
            • Advising Transactional Operations
            • Using @Transactional with AspectJ
          • Programmatic Transaction Management
          • Choosing Between Programmatic and Declarative Transaction Management
          • Transaction-bound Events
          • Application server-specific integration
          • Solutions to Common Problems
          • Further Resources
        • DAO Support
        • Data Access with JDBC
          • Choosing an Approach for JDBC Database Access
          • Package Hierarchy
          • Using the JDBC Core Classes to Control Basic JDBC Processing and Error Handling
          • Controlling Database Connections
          • JDBC Batch Operations
          • Simplifying JDBC Operations with the SimpleJdbc Classes
          • Modeling JDBC Operations as Java Objects
          • Common Problems with Parameter and Data Value Handling
          • Embedded Database Support
          • Initializing a DataSource
        • Data Access with R2DBC
        • Object Relational Mapping (ORM) Data Access
          • Introduction to ORM with Spring
          • General ORM Integration Considerations
          • Hibernate
          • JPA
        • Marshalling XML by Using Object-XML Mappers
        • Appendix
      • Web on Servlet Stack
        • Spring Web MVC
          • DispatcherServlet
            • Context Hierarchy
            • Special Bean Types
            • Web MVC Config
            • Servlet Config
            • Processing
            • Path Matching
            • Interception
            • Exceptions
            • View Resolution
            • Locale
            • Themes
            • Multipart Resolver
            • Logging
          • Filters
          • Annotated Controllers
            • Declaration
            • Request Mapping
            • Handler Methods
              • Method Arguments
              • Return Values
              • Type Conversion
              • Matrix Variables
              • @RequestParam
              • @RequestHeader
              • @CookieValue
              • @ModelAttribute
              • @SessionAttributes
              • @SessionAttribute
              • @RequestAttribute
              • Redirect Attributes
              • Flash Attributes
              • Multipart
              • @RequestBody
              • HttpEntity
              • @ResponseBody
              • ResponseEntity
              • Jackson JSON
            • Model
            • DataBinder
            • Exceptions
            • Controller Advice
          • Functional Endpoints
          • URI Links
          • Asynchronous Requests
          • CORS
          • Error Responses
          • Web Security
          • HTTP Caching
          • View Technologies
            • Thymeleaf
            • FreeMarker
            • Groovy Markup
            • Script Views
            • JSP and JSTL
            • RSS and Atom
            • PDF and Excel
            • Jackson
            • XML Marshalling
            • XSLT Views
          • MVC Config
            • Enable MVC Configuration
            • MVC Config API
            • Type Conversion
            • Validation
            • Interceptors
            • Content Types
            • Message Converters
            • View Controllers
            • View Resolvers
            • Static Resources
            • Default Servlet
            • Path Matching
            • Advanced Java Config
            • Advanced XML Config
          • HTTP/2
        • REST Clients
        • Testing
        • WebSockets
          • WebSocket API
          • SockJS Fallback
          • STOMP
            • Overview
            • Benefits
            • Enable STOMP
            • WebSocket Transport
            • Flow of Messages
            • Annotated Controllers
            • Sending Messages
            • Simple Broker
            • External Broker
            • Connecting to a Broker
            • Dots as Separators
            • Authentication
            • Token Authentication
            • Authorization
            • User Destinations
            • Order of Messages
            • Events
            • Interception
            • STOMP Client
            • WebSocket Scope
            • Performance
            • Monitoring
            • Testing
        • Other Web Frameworks
      • Web on Reactive Stack
        • Spring WebFlux
          • Overview
          • Reactive Core
          • DispatcherHandler
          • Annotated Controllers
            • @Controller
            • Request Mapping
            • Handler Methods
              • Method Arguments
              • Return Values
              • Type Conversion
              • Matrix Variables
              • @RequestParam
              • @RequestHeader
              • @CookieValue
              • @ModelAttribute
              • @SessionAttributes
              • @SessionAttribute
              • @RequestAttribute
              • Multipart Content
              • @RequestBody
              • HttpEntity
              • @ResponseBody
              • ResponseEntity
              • Jackson JSON
            • Model
            • DataBinder
            • Exceptions
            • Controller Advice
          • Functional Endpoints
          • URI Links
          • CORS
          • Error Responses
          • Web Security
          • HTTP Caching
          • View Technologies
          • WebFlux Config
          • HTTP/2
        • WebClient
          • Configuration
          • retrieve()
          • Exchange
          • Request Body
          • Filters
          • Attributes
          • Context
          • Synchronous Use
          • Testing
        • HTTP Interface Client
        • WebSockets
        • Testing
        • RSocket
        • Reactive Libraries
      • Integration
        • REST Clients
        • JMS (Java Message Service)
          • Using Spring JMS
          • Sending a Message
          • Receiving a Message
          • Support for JCA Message Endpoints
          • Annotation-driven Listener Endpoints
          • JMS Namespace Support
        • JMX
          • Exporting Your Beans to JMX
          • Controlling the Management Interface of Your Beans
          • Controlling ObjectName Instances for Your Beans
          • Using JSR-160 Connectors
          • Accessing MBeans through Proxies
          • Notifications
          • Further Resources
        • Email
        • Task Execution and Scheduling
        • Cache Abstraction
          • Understanding the Cache Abstraction
          • Declarative Annotation-based Caching
          • JCache (JSR-107) Annotations
          • Declarative XML-based Caching
          • Configuring the Cache Storage
          • Plugging-in Different Back-end Caches
          • How can I Set the TTL/TTI/Eviction policy/XXX feature?
        • Observability Support
        • Appendix
      • Language Support
        • Kotlin
          • Requirements
          • Extensions
          • Null-safety
          • Classes and Interfaces
          • Annotations
          • Bean Definition DSL
          • Web
          • Coroutines
          • Spring Projects in Kotlin
          • Getting Started
          • Resources
        • Apache Groovy
        • Dynamic Language Support
      • Appendix
      • Wiki
    GitHub Project Stack Overflow
    • Spring Framework
    • Testing
    • Appendix

    Appendix

    Section Summary

    • Annotations
    • Further Resources
    Testing Client Applications Annotations
    • Spring Framework
      • 6.0.27-SNAPSHOT
      • 6.0.26current
    • Related Spring Documentation
      • Spring Boot
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      • Spring Cloud
        • Spring Cloud Build
        • Spring Cloud Bus
        • Spring Cloud Circuit Breaker
        • Spring Cloud Commons
        • Spring Cloud Config
        • Spring Cloud Consul
        • Spring Cloud Contract
        • Spring Cloud Function
        • Spring Cloud Gateway
        • Spring Cloud Kubernetes
        • Spring Cloud Netflix
        • Spring Cloud OpenFeign
        • Spring Cloud Stream
        • Spring Cloud Task
        • Spring Cloud Vault
        • Spring Cloud Zookeeper
      • Spring Data
        • Spring Data Cassandra
        • Spring Data Commons
        • Spring Data Couchbase
        • Spring Data Elasticsearch
        • Spring Data JPA
        • Spring Data KeyValue
        • Spring Data LDAP
        • Spring Data MongoDB
        • Spring Data Neo4j
        • Spring Data Redis
        • Spring Data JDBC & R2DBC
        • Spring Data REST
      • Spring Integration
      • Spring Batch
      • Spring Security
        • Spring Authorization Server
        • Spring LDAP
        • Spring Security Kerberos
        • Spring Session
        • Spring Vault
      • Spring AI
      • Spring AMQP
      • Spring CLI
      • Spring GraphQL
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